Morality in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Scarlet Letter ess

Profound quality in The Scarlet Letter   â ...pain is in itself a malice; and undoubtedly, no matter what, the main malevolence; or, more than likely the words great and insidiousness have no importance. (Chase 127) In the novel The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne presents an away from of his remain on profound quality, which he cautiously develops through the course of the story. The ethical, which is Be valid! applies similarly well to the entirety of the characters in the novel. In spite of the fact that his view appears to remain as evident through the length of the story, it doesn't, sadly, move as easily to our lives today. Generally it is an indulgent view to take, which requires a slight stretch concerning his translation with regards to how shrewd, and significant, a person's torment is unto itself. By taking a gander at every one of the primary characters thus, it might be resolved precisely what his view was regarding this matter, and how it might be applied to life in our general public today.  Since his good is all the more unequivocally characterized as Be valid! Be valid! Be valid! Show unreservedly to the world, if not your most noticeably terrible, some characteristic by which your most exceedingly terrible might be deduced! Hester Prynne is a sound model, for she did precisely that. She proved unable, and didn't, conceal her transgression, and therefore wore it plainly consistently on her bosom, concealing nothing. While from the outset it might appear just as she was rebuffed more than some other character, since she was so genuinely rebuffed, Hawthorne clarifies that she was the most fulfilled character in the novel, in the end discovering harmony with herself since she had no squeezing privileged insights to perplex her inner voice. Truly, in any case, the Puritan burden of discipline was brutal, and steadfast. It brought her underneath a large number of the people of the town, and had the psychologic... .... 47-49). San Diego: Greenhaven.  Canby, Henry S. (1996). A Skeptic Incompatible with His Time and His Past. Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne (pp. 55-63). San Diego: Greenhaven.  Pursue, Richard (1996). The Ambiguity of the Scarlet Letter. Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne (pp. 145-152). San Diego: Greenhaven.  Gartner, Matthew. The Scarlet Letter and the Book of Esther: Scriptural Letter and Narrative Life. Studies in American Fiction (1995): 131-144.  Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York: St. Martins, 1991.  Loring, G. B. (1850). The Scarlet Letter and Transcendentalism. Massachusetts Quarterly Review [On-line], pp. 1-6. Accessible: http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/loring.html  Scharnhorst, Gary. The Critical Response to Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. New York: Greenwood, 1992.

Redeemable Preference Shares Holder †Free Samples for Students

Question: What Is the Redeemable Preference Shares Holder? Answer: Introducation The constitution comprises of: Law which contains the Corporations Act 2001. Seal is the normal seal that is utilized by a Company. Individuals incorporate those people, regardless of whether a couple or much more, who are associated with the business related exercises of an organization. Chiefs mean those individuals included widely in the administration and control of the organization. They take all the significant choices required to accomplish the goals of an organization. Agent means the individual who has been designated under the Section 250D of the Law as a delegate for the organization. Secretary is an individual who performs for the organization diverse secretarial obligations Investigation of the Records The entirety of the organizations need to ensure that all the records and reports required by the law have been kept and kept up. All such significant records should be available for a specific timespan in the companys enrolled office. As per the Section 314 and Section 316 of the Constitution or the Law, the previously mentioned records must be sent to all each and every individual who has been engaged with the organization. The Directors of the organization need to choose to what degree the records and archives should be made accessible to the individuals who are engaged with the organization. All such fundamental records and archives are to be made accessible to the individuals and representatives who have been related with the organization; rather it should be given to just those particular individuals temporarily period so as to look after secrecy. On the off chance that one wishes to check the records or reports, the Director needs to support of it in advance, bombing which the representatives and the individuals won't be permitted to approach the archives. Executives should be engaged with keeping up the minutes of: All the goals that the individuals concerned have gone without holding a gathering. All announcements should be made by the chiefs regardless of whether there happens to be just a single Director. After the gatherings of the Directors all the procedures and the goals are to be announced. All the gatherings of the boards of trustees of the Directors of the organization are likewise to be incorporated Redeemable Preference Shares Inclination Shares are those offers the holders of which have some particular rights over different investors with regards to taking choices for the organization. The Preference Shareholders are delivered profit by the organization in the whole procedure. The organization gives the Preference Share Holders certain rights over the organization which has not been given to the Equity Share Holders of the said organization. In an organization the inclination investors have been given the essential right of partaking in the abundance benefits that the organization has earned. Alongside this the Preference Share Holders, when the offers are being recovered, have been given the option to take an interest in the Premium. An organization has numerous inclination investors. Such an organization has all the rights with the assistance of which the investors will acquire all the special rights. In this manner, no bifurcation of any kind will be occurring between any of the investors of the organization. The organization will have the previously mentioned rights associated with the inclination shares that have been referenced previously. Every single such right will be made accessible to the Preference Share Holders of the organization. So we can say that the Preference Share Holders of the organization unquestionably have certain rights over its benefits References Austliieduau.(2016).Austliieduau.Retrieved13 May, 2017,from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s169.html Erik runyon | weedygardennet.(2017).Uciedu.Retrieved13 May, 2017,from https://www.law.uci.edu/grounds life/understudy associations/enlistment/test constitution.html Howtolawco.(2017).Howtolawco.Retrieved13 May, 2017,from https://www.howtolaw.co/draft-an organization constitution-392134 Reckoncom.(2016).Reckoncom.Retrieved13 May, 2017,from https://www.reckon.com/docs/default-source/docs-structures/organization (pty-ltd)- constitution.pdf?sfvrsn=2

Blog Archive Kellogg and NYU Stern Announce 20182019 Deadlines and Required Essays

Blog Archive Kellogg and NYU Stern Announce 2018â€"2019 Deadlines and Required Essays Recently, The Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University released its 2018-2019 application deadlines and required essays. Essay 1: Kellogg’s purpose is to educate, equip inspire brave leaders who create lasting value.  Tell us about a time you have demonstrated leadership and created lasting value. What challenges did you face, and what did you learn? (450 words) Essay 2: Pursuing an MBA is a catalyst for personal and professional growth. How have you grown in the past? How do you intend to grow at Kellogg? (450 words) Kellogg also asks applicants to submit a Video Essay, which provides students with “an additional opportunity to demonstrate what you will bring to our vibrant Kellogg community â€" in an interactive way.” For more information, please visit http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/programs/full-time-mba/admissions/application-process.aspx. New York University’s Stern School of Business also announced its deadlines and required essays this week: Essay 1: Professional Aspirations (500 word maximum, double-spaced, 12-point font) What are your short and long-term career goals? How will the MBA help you achieve them? Essay 2: Personal Expression (a.k.a. Pick Six) Describe yourself to the Admissions Committee and to your future classmates using six images and corresponding captions. Your uploaded PDF should contain all of the following elements: A brief introduction or overview of your Pick Six (no more than 3 sentences). Six images that help illustrate who you are. A one-sentence caption for each of the six images that helps explain why they were selected and are significant to you. Note: Your visuals may include photos, infographics, drawings, or any other images that best describe you. Your document must be uploaded as a single PDF. The essay cannot be sent in physical form or be linked to a website. Essay 3: Additional Information (optional) (250 word maximum, double-spaced, 12-point font) Please provide any additional information that you would like to bring to the attention of the Admissions Committee. This may include current or past gaps in employment, further explanation of your undergraduate record or self-reported academic transcript(s), plans to retake the GMAT, GRE, IELTS or TOEFL, or any other relevant information. For more information, please visit http://www.stern.nyu.edu/programs-admissions/mba-programs/admissions. For a complete list of 2018â€"2019 business school deadlines, be sure to check our Application Deadlines page. We will be updating our list as business schools release their deadlines in the coming months. Finally, stay tuned to the mbaMission blog for our analyses of the 2018â€"2019 business school application essays, and be sure to download our free Insider’s Guides! Share ThisTweet Business School Deadlines Essays New York University (Stern) Northwestern University (Kellogg)

Types of Cognitive Strategies - 1083 Words

In our current society the Internet has taken over, it’s a key tool that students use in their study process. Selection, rehearsal, elaboration and organizational are the four types of cognitive strategies. Pintrich, Johnson, Weinstein and Mayer indicate that rehearsal strategy is commonly used for individuals involved with beginner or introduction level learning. The elaboration and organistional strategies are for covering more complex and detailed information. [as cited in C.-Y. Chen Pedersen, 2012, pg. 364]. Another type of strategy is a metacognitive strategy, this is how somebody understands and controls him or herself in the process of learning. After this strategy was reviewed, Bernt and Bugbee concluded that there is a large number of students who fail to keep track of their educational performance and comprehension of materials; this strategy is has resulted in the poor marks for these students. [as cited by C.-Y. Chen Pedersen, 2012, pg. 364]. There are different types of strategies that are designed for different types of learners. I choose this article as a source in my assignment due to the reason that it shows how a certain learning styles may result in a positive outcome for one student, but may not work as effectively for someone else. In this study they tested a group of students and there cognitive abilities in an online course. The study showed all members of the class were able to engage themselves in complex learning. Likewise, there was aShow MoreRelatedCase Study - Early Alzheimers1730 Words   |  7 PagesAlzheimer’s Type by Nico Mulder, Ph.D Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Y University for Biological, Developmental amp; Scientific Basis of Behavior February 26, 2012 Abstract This paper reviews the use of cognitive rehabilitation treatment of early stage of dementia Alzheimer’s type. The case study examines a 72 year old male patient diagnosed with early stage dementia of Alzheimer’s Type. 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However, CBT has an interesting history dating back to the 1920s in the United States and even earlier in other parts of the world. â€Å"Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of CBT have been identified in various ancient philosophical traditions, particularly Stoicism. Stoic philosophers, particularly Epictetus, believed logic could be used to identify and discard false beliefs that lead to destructiveRead MoreCognitive Rehabilit ation And Cognitive Development1274 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Cognitive rehabilitation is a process that aids in relearning cognitive skills or teaching ways to compensate for lost skills by utilizing strategies that are less demanding cognitively in order to manage daily activities. Previous studies explored cognitive training (CT) and cognitive stimulation (CS) as a nonpharmacological intervention for cognitive decline in adults with dementia. These types of therapy were often used in conjunction with activity programs and other therapies to

Healthcare reforms in England issues of efficiency - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6391 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The healthcare service in England attempts to improve the overall healthcare service have been ongoing through some of the most radical reforms since its inception as a comprehensive public service since 1948. The noticeable need of a free healthcare service was essential after the state of the country due to the world war. Once the NHS was established it saw many reforms led by diverse types of governments at different times. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Healthcare reforms in England issues of efficiency" essay for you Create order Despite the scale of the reforms they have preserved their core principle of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A free service at the point of deliveryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 1 till this very day. Even though they have adopted the core principle they still face huge challenges; as demands and costs are still rising, the entirety of the service is increasingly being looked at. This paper looks at the reforms the NHS has been through and analyses each reform in the light of Efficiency: the capability of the NHS, whether the reform made the NHS more competent, Equity: bringing fairness and equal right for the patients as well as the staff, Quality: whether adapting the reforms improved the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to acquire different types of healthcare services without any predicament and obtain high-quality healthcare services. Methodology This paper was conjured up by the use of reports published by NHS Publications website. Journals and studies on NHS reform via the scientific database PubMed we re also utilized. To gain info on the theories the NHS was formed on, management theory books by Max Weber, Henri Fayol and Frederic Winslow Taylor were used. Results/Discussion Each reform improvised the NHS in many ways, in relation to Efficiency the NHS since its inception has seen major investments and new hospitals built, employment of up to date technology allowing more patients to be seen within an applicable time and budgets been controlled efficiently with the aim to reduce costs each year allowing the NHS to run efficiently. In terms of Equity after the publication of the Black report, the NHS has improved on giving equal opportunities to its minor ethnic groups of staff. Also the equal treatment of patients regardless of their social class has been improved since the Blair era. The NHS in terms of quality has become one of the world leading healthcare providers. Measuring their services against standards set by the NHS ensured that they are meeting the set standards . The major investment in staff in 2000 saw a number of lives saved in the past 10 years. The NHS has met quality standards that are accepted by its patients and valued as a first class service. Conclusion Overall the NHS has seen many reforms which have lead to the NHS becoming a world class service. Since the reforms in the 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to the latest plans of the new coalition government the NHS has improved immensely in terms of efficiency, equity and quality and the future also looks bright for the NHS. Introduction: Healthcare service in England was launched in 1948 with an aim à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to provide universal healthcare to its citizens which is free at the point of use and available to everyone based on need, not ability to payà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 1. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The NHS was established after World War II where the country needed a stable healthcare serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 2. The initial idea was that no-one should be deterred from seeking health services by a lack of resources and the founder Aneurin Bevan: Minster of Health stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A free service at the point of deliveryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 3. Till this day they have been providing free healthcare service to the citizens of England. In 1948 Sir William Beveridge, a British Economist and a Social Reformer conferred details of his radical plans for economic and social reform in post-war Britain. Sir William proposed major healthcare service changes on the basis that the country needed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the abolition of want before the enjo yment of comfort and suggested a scheme where every kind of medical treatment would be available for everybodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. 1,3 Pre NHS There has been some form of state-funded provision of health and social care in England prior to the NHS for 400 years.4 Prior to a health system being formed, attaining healthcare service in Britain in the 1930s and 1940s was difficult. Life expectancy was very low and thousands of people died of infectious diseases like pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis, diphtheria, and polio each year.4 The poor never had access to medical treatment and they relied instead on dubious and sometimes dangerous home remedies. Either that or they relied on doctors who gave their services free to the poor patients. The Hospitals charged for treatment and although the poor were reimbursed and before they received treatment they had to pay.4 Figure 1 shows the life expectancy that has changed since the NHS was introduced. Figure 1.Life expectancy changes since 1840 5 The need for free healthcare was widely recognised, but it was impossible to achieve without the support or resources of the government. A study showed that expertà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s believed and have written extensively on the reasons of why a health service was needed.6 These included: The appearance of a view that health care was essential, not something just imparted erratically by charity The drastic effects of the war that made it possible to have a massive change of the healthcare service being provided, rather than just an incremental alteration As younger members of the country were becoming increasingly educated in the medical profession they had a view of things could be handle in a more efficient way. The hospitals having financial problems, funds not sufficing.6 Having looked at the reasons to why a health service was needed the government made plans and core principles were established: 6 Regardless of persons status they were eligible for health care, even people temporarily residing or visiting the country.   People could be referred to any hospital. The healthcare service was financed almost 100% from central taxation Care was entirely free at the point of use6 The main achievement was that the poor who in the past went without medical treatment now had access to free healthcare.6 NHS today and NHS employment NHS is one of the largest organisations in the world with an annual budget of around  £80 billion employing more than 1.7 million people and treating over one million people every 36 hours.7 In general, healthcare service being provided within England to every single citizen is a difficult commission to undertake and consequently the system needs efficient health personnelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to help run the system economically. Today the view of the healthcare service in England is that the NHS is a world leader and provides first class service that other countries envy. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Countries all over the world seek to learn from the comprehensive system of general practice, and its role as the medical home for patients, providing continuity of care and coordinationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.8 Other countries look at English NHS system and use them as a guideline to run their healthcare system. NHS Structure The healthcare service in England has been run in a structural way with the Secretary of state and Department of Health controlling the overall NHS in England. The secretary of state for health has the responsibility of reporting to the prime minister. There are10 Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs) in England which are controlled by the Department of Health, they oversee all the activities within the NHS and the SHAs supervise all the NHS trusts in its area. Primary care plays a major role in community healthcare and is central to the NHS. Services under NHS trust (Secondary Care) include Hospitals, Mental Health services, Learning disability service s and Ambulances. The overall structure of the NHS is shown below in Figure 2. 9 Although this is the current NHS structure with the new government in power, changes are to follow. Figure.2 overall structure of the Healthcare system in England 5 NHS Reforms Since its inception in 1948 the NHS has seen many reforms in terms of managing the way they provide healthcare service. The DoH has a lot of control and influence the major decisions taken in the reforms. The overall expectations of Healthcare service in England are of a high calibre, which requisites high-quality management capacity.10 In the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and early 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prominence was on recuperating management. The recent focal point has been on development of leadership within NHS. With the new government, new ideas and plans will be imposed to see improvements in quality of healthcare being provided, cut down on costs making it more efficient and in terms of equity provide equal servi ce to everyone. Table 1 briefly enlists the reforms that have taken place since its inception in 1948. Table.1 Reforms in the NHS: 1948-2010 Period the reformà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s were in place Reform and theory of Management 1948- 1960 Managers as diplomats 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Scientific Management and the Salmon report 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Classical Management, Systems Approaches and the 1974 Reorganization 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s The Griffiths report and Managerialism 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Working for Patients and the Internal Market 2000 The NHS Plan (DOH 2000) and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Third Wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. 2010 NHS White Paper 2010: Equity and excellence: Liberating the NHS Healthcare service and Reforms in other Developed Countries Healthcare reforms within developed countries can be analyzed in order to compare whether the healthcare services in England have been successful in its bid to ensure efficiency, equity and quality. Attempts to handle reforms of the healthcare system in the European countries have been an ongoing process for 30 years. Although the reforms have taken throughout the 30 years in different ways, their main emphas is has been on improving the cost-effectiveness of the healthcare service. In the early 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the EU countries were looking at cost containment. The feature in the 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s was to endorse efficiency in terms of introducing competition and markets in the healthcare system. Since 2000 the focus has switched to effectiveness; promoting various notions of healthcare in terms of quality.11 Over the course of the 20th century the countries of Europe have established significant success in improving the healthcare service for their citizens. However they still face challenges in the form of restraining costs, improving quality and providing universal healthcare access, these have put the European healthcare services under immense pressure.11 Looking at another OECD: USA, A report on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A review of health care reform in the United Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ assessed whether the USA have been successful in providing healthcare. The findings sh owed that United States spent more per capita on health care than any other OECD country, yet its health outcomes lagged behind other countries.12 This shows they are struggling with efficiency issues and are still countering challenges in providing quality healthcare service that is expected from the citizens of the USA. Especially in the last few years Healthcare reform has been a major activity of the federal government, in order to revolutionize and develop the service overall. The 3 goals of optimizing cost, access and quality still remain a challenge within the healthcare society in the U.S.12 They concluded that USA still faced many challenges in running the national healthcare service, a key challenge they face is the utter complexity of the system, with its numerous public and private providers.12 Another OECD country reviewed in terms of healthcare service being provided and the reforms that have taken place is China. A report from on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"From a national, cen trally planned health system to a system based on the market: lessons from Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ concluded: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"China is the country that has undergone the highest number of health care reforms. Since 1978, China saw many reforms and they also followed the way as the EU countries, with the healthcare system starting from governmental, centrally planned and a collective system to ending up as a heavily market influenced system. Now, thirty years later, the Chinese government openly concede that the reforms were unsuccessful and seek innovative and fresh directions.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢13 This illustrates that China is also in a healthcare crisis and looking to implement different strategies in order to gain control of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Healthcare system. Having reviewed the healthcare service being endowed in these developed countries, it demonstrates that they are all on an identical level as the healthcare service being provided in England and all face similar c hallenges. All these developed countries are looking to develop the countries overall healthcare service in terms of efficiency, equity and quality. NHS Plan 2000 and the future of NHS Since the last reform: The NHS plan 2000 14, a lot has transformed in terms of funding and operating the healthcare system in England. Especially with the new coalition governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s idea of cutting budgets it is a difficult time the NHS is going through and will necessitate a lot of expertise and world class management to get through todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial and economical predicament. An additional indication that will be taken into deliberation is the election of the new plans set out in the NHS White Paper 2010. As the new coalition government has come into authority there have been huge changes to overall budgets for the public services and this possibly will have a consequence on the way the NHS operates in England. 15 The reforms have encompassed a significant impact on the organisation and deliverance of health care service in England. Wide array of transformations have been pioneered in an attempt to ensure the NHS is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"managedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ more resourcefully and effectively. This report will examine whether these reforms have on the whole improved the healthcare system in England in terms of efficiency, equity and quality and if the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requirements have been convened. Aims: To examine the healthcare reforms in England since its inception and to assess whether these reforms have improved factors of efficiency, equity and quality in providing healthcare. Objectives: To review the reforms in the NHS since its inception in 1948 To examine whether these reforms improved efficiency, equity and quality of healthcare To assess the key features of healthcare reforms proposed by the current government and their implications on the NHS To put forward plans for the future of the NHS Methodology: A number of sources were consulted to conjure up this paper and examine the healthcare reforms in the NHS. Scientific search engines and databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct (Date accessed 20/10/10) were used to gain literature reviews but results from Google Scholar and Science Direct were dismissed as they were too vague and irrelevant to this topic. With PubMed following keywords were inserted à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Healthcareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Reformsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Englandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The data was also set from 1948 to 2010 when searching for reports as this would set the inclusion criteria. The reports and journals since 1948, when the NHS was established were used. Even though history before 1948 was looked at for study purposes, reports before NHS establishment; these were regarded as the exclusion criteria as reports werenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t looked at prior to 1948. Healthcare service within Britain was looked at in general but for the results of this report, the inclusion criteria was healthcare service in England as it just looked at the healthcare service being provided within England. The exclusion criterion was healthcare service in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. For the first part of the report, the introduction: where the report looked at the history of the NHS. The resources used included looking at general management books looking at management theories. The classical theories of Max Weber, Frederic Taylor and Henri Fayol were the backbone of the NHS and that is why these were used. Another source to produce this paper was the Department of health (https://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/index.htm) where the publications and reports about the NHS in general were looked at. This paper used a lot of publications produced by the Department of health and the NHS publications as these sources are reliable; these were seen as good foundation to work fr om. One of the main publications used was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The NHS white paper: Equity and excellence: Liberating the NHSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Health, this was a key entity in writing up this paper. As the paper didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t contract with experiments and clinical trials, it didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t look at a lot of statistics; the majority of its content was obtained from qualitative data. Results/ Discussion Having carried out the required literature searches and reading journals, reports and Department of Health Publications, results were gathered and have been shown below with the discussion of the key topics. The results look at each reform taken place in the NHS and then goes onto analyse the plans set by the new government. Having looked at the reforms and the new plans the paper than talks about efficiency, equity and quality related to each reform. Reforms in the healthcare service in England The healthcare service in the UK has undergone a number of reforms since its inception in 1948. Prior to 1948, healthcare service was provided in England but due to the increasing pressures for efficiency and quality in health services it lead to these developments and reforms in healthcare being provided. A more overtly management-oriented approach to the healthcare service delivery was adopted based on classical management theories to gain more control of the healthcare service in E ngland. 16,17 Classical theories and Scientific Management: 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s The NHS was based on the classical theories of Frederic Winslow Taylor, Henri Fayol and Max Weber. 16-19 Table 1: Frederic Winslow Taylorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s four main scientific management principles. Replacing rule-of-work thumb methods with methods based on a scientific of the tasks Scientifically train each individual rather than leave them to train themselves Cooperate with each worker to ensure that the scientific method is being followed Divide workload equally between managers and staff Table 2: Henri Fayolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Modern Operational Management approach. Division of work- Specialization for efficiency Authority Responsibility- Both are related, the latter arising from the former. Discipline-Requires good superiors at all levels Unity of Command- Employee should receive orders from one superior only Unity of Direction- Each group of activities w ith the same objective must have one head and one plan Subordination of individual to general interest- When the two are found to differ, management must reconcile them Remuneration-Should be fair and satisfactory Centralization-Extent to which authority is concentrated or dispersed Scalar chain/line of authority-Needs to be sensible, clear and understood Order : Right thing/person in the right place Equity- Equal opportunity for everyone Stability of tenure- Unnecessary turnover is both the cause and effect of bad management Initiative- Thinking out and execution of a plan Thinking out and execution of a plan Table 3. Max Weberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bureaucratic approach. Power-Ability to get things done, often by the use of threats or sanctions Authority- Ability to get things done because of the position that justified someone in terms of legitimacy Formal approach Hierarchical authority Extensive roles and procedures- Uniformity of decisions and actions Job description- Clear-cut division of labour and High level of specialization Discipline These classical theories contributed a lot to the healthcare service in England and still do to this day.16-19 The classical writers thought of the NHS in terms of purpose and formal structure. They created a formal structure on which the NHS could run on. They also looked at job design, scientific selection and development of workers. The classical theories generally serve as a backbone to the present day NHS management. Although the classical theories made a big contribution to the healthcare service in England it had its limitations and wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t the most effective way. One drawback was that it wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t evidence based; it didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t look at the way staff did their tasks and didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t look at the well being of staff, the human and social aspects of work. It just treated them like machines. The theories didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t look at motivating the staff and developing them in their own interests, had they done this staff à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work quality wouldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve enhanced thus providing an efficient service to patients and overall improve the quality of healthcare service in England. Overall the classical theories were too concrete and fully based on rules and procedures. In terms of efficiency the theories bought a set way of running the healthcare service in England. Once the NHS was established it introduced equity as well as healthcare service was now available to anyone. The NHS was just established and with these set in place in the 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the quality of service would improve from now with further reforms to come. Salmon Report: 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s One of the first reforms took place since the NHS was established was in the 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. The Salmon Report bought findings and changes which included that workload should be equally distributed between managers and practitioners.20 The NHS would also get rid of matrons and replace them with a h ierarchy of nurse managers. The introduction of several additional layers to the management hierarchy; in order to improve efficiency in operating the NHS. This lead to responsibility being equally distributed and the service met its aims and objectives more efficiently. Another change was that nurse managers would contribute to the overall management of the service through the medium of consensus management teams and thus improve efficiency and quality within the NHS. Having nurse managers lead to them taking control of set responsibilities and helped in general running of tasks at ward level leading to an improvement in general quality in the healthcare service being provided. 1974 Reorganization: 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s The aim of this reform was to attain greater integration of the healthcare service in order to provide more stability and increase efficiency. The reorganisation also introduced more central control in order to: 21 ensure policies were implemented impr ove accountability encourage delegation develop democratic decision-making process These changes lead to a more structured way for managers to follow and enhance the quality of the healthcare service. By the mid 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quality was improving but there were still concerns of equity in the NHS. There were still clear differences of health sufferers in terms of social class; figures showed that people in lower social classes more likely suffered from diseases. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There were several possible explanations for these inequalities. Natural and social selection. This would depend on the view that people who are fittest are most likely to succeed in society, and classes reflect this degree of selection. Poverty leads to ill health, through nutrition, housing and environment. Cultural and behavioural explanations. There are differences in the diet and fitness of different social classes, and in certain habits like smokingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. 22,23 Ove rall in the 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the quality of healthcare service was still improving, equity issues were still a concern and in terms of efficiency they were recuperating the NHS. The Griffiths Report: 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s This reform was a major point in NHS history, the Griffiths Report identified problems such as the healthcare service was institutionally inactive and that the local health authorities were filled with directives without being given any clear procedures to follow.24 The Griffiths report stated that changes were difficult to achieve but gave recommendations to improve the NHS. It introduced a more formal and modern way of management. It gave increased participation for managers in setting and controlling budgets. The report also gave greater emphasis on cost awareness in order to improve efficiency. A Clear and quick decision-making process was introduced to improve quality of service provided to patients. The managers in local authorities were given a more clearly defined direction and the overall staffs were better informed.24 The Internal Market Working For Patients: 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Another reform in the 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s took place, this bought a new dimension to the NHS; large publicly-owned hospitals could opt to become self-managed trusts. This meant that health services could be bought by private investors i.e. patients themselves thus allowing them to take control of the way they want the service. Even large GPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s could become à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fund holdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and be both purchasers and providers of care.25 This reform lead to introduction of greater flexibility thus allowing more effective matching of patients needs and care. Money à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"followed the patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ through the system of purchasing and providing of healthcare service, this led to equity being improved as patients had more selection of services. This reform led to higher competition in providing quality healthcare service, the costs decreased and the general quality increased. The NHS Plan 2000 The NHS Plan 2000 made key findings : the NHS is a 1940s system operating in the 21st century and that it lacked of national standards. It also said that there were barriers between staff and providing services. There were a lack of clear guidelines and the NHS structure has over-centralization.14 Plans to diminish problems and propose new plans such as introducing Modern Matronsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to improve the management of services, a strong leader with clinical experience and with clear authority at ward level, improve efficiency by setting standards and controlling resources these were there aims.14,26 The figure below shows the comparison of the 1948 and the new NHS model outlining the key differences. Figure.4 the key difference between the 1948 model and The NHS Plan 2000 model 14 The NHS Plan 2000: Achievements This reform set out specific targets w hich were achieved in order to improve efficiency, equity and quality of healthcare service in England: Over 100 new hospitals by 2010 and 500 new one-stop primary care centres Clean wards and better hospital food 7,000 extra beds in hospitals Over 3,000 GP premises modernized Modern IT systems in every hospital and GP surgery 7,500 more consultants and 2,000 more GPs 20,000 extra nurses and 6,500 extra therapists Childcare support for NHS staff with 100 on-site nurseries.26 These targets were achieved in 2008 and it led to the improvement of efficiency as the number of GPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and consultants employed were increased. The modernisation of technology and IT systems led to quality of service being improved as high investment in high quality equipment made the NHS one of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s top quality service. Since 2000 NHS has improved the overall service and met its objectives. NHS Implications: Equity and excellence: Liberating the NHS With the new coalition government coming into election another set of reforms have been proposed as they hope to improve the overall healthcare service in England. The main aims and objectives to improve the healthcare service are varied and very detailed but to summarise it these are the points covered:15 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Increase health spending in real terms in each year of this Parliamentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 15and also that there à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“goal is an NHS which achieves results that are amongst the best in the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 15. However the government will uphold the foundation that the NHS was formed on; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a comprehensive service, available to all, free at the point of use and based on clinical need, not the ability to payà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 15. The government than goes into detail of what they arrange to initiate to make an efficient healthcare service: acknowledge the fact that patients come first and therefore will give them greater choice and control. An example of this is that a patient will be able to choose any GP practice, consultant, and choice of treatment consequently improving equity of the service. The government endeavours to develop the healthcare outcomes: set objectives such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reduce mortality and morbidity, increase safety, and improve patient experience and outcomes for allà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 15. By doing this they are ensuring they are driving efficiency and improving the service. In order to achieve the objectives that the government sets, the ability for service providers to have more autonomy, responsibility and accountability will be a means to achieving efficient results. A big change will be the establishment of a NHS Commissioning Board. The board will be accountable for making sure health outcomes are achieved, allocate resources and have the lead on quality improvement and to tackle inequalities that exist in the NHS. Overall the reforms in the NHS Paper 2010 will provide the NHS with gre ater incentives to increase efficiency, equity and quality. Efficiency The healthcare system in England has on the whole perceived a huge improvement in terms of efficiency since its inception in 1948. A system has been established where it endows with one of the best services in the world but there are still room for improvements. An analysis of the services gives evidence such as the NHS building 100 new hospitals since 2000, therefore improving the efficiency and allowing better access for patients. 27 Even though there continue to be a lack of quality and accessibility to services across the country. The patients havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t been able to impose enough pressure to force improvements. The NHS need to give patients more control over the health services they have access to improve efficiency. In 2008 investment in the NHS as a whole rose from  £43.9bn per year in 2000, when the NHS Plan was launched, to  £92.6bn. another measurement of efficiency is looking at numbers of early deaths from cancer, coronary heart disease an d suicide; they continue to fall as services improve; over 98% of patients at Accident and Emergency (AE) Departments are seen within 4 hours; and hospital waiting lists are lower than ever, with half a million fewer patients waiting since lists were at their peak.28 One key way to achieve the set objectives is to cut down NHS managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s costs by 45% over the next four years enabling them to free up investment for further improvements.28 Much has been achieved during the last five years of investment and reforms. For example, the significant investment in NHS staff, along with more flexible working, is facilitating healthcare professionals to take advantage of the freedom thus improving their commitment to the NHS. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“NHS staff working flexibly and using improved technology are better able to respond to patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs and changing expectations and are achieving improvements in quality and productivity across the systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? .27 Since 1948, the NHS budget on average has risen over 4% in real terms each year; this is something they hope to resolve as the NHS will face a sustained and substantial financial constraint if it continues. They hope to avoid the financial crisis that happened in the NHS in the 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The NHS hopes to release up to  £20 billion of efficiency savings by 2014, which will be reinvested to support improvements in quality and outcomesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.15 Above all, the improvements and reforms continue to be originated on and underpin the core values and principles of the NHS: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“equal access to care available at the point of need, regardless of ability to payà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.15 Equity The NHS has overcome many inequality issues and allowed them to progress and improve their service. Examples are shown in NHSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history and also with new legislations coming into place. Although there have been concerns about equitable provision and financing of health care since NHS inception, these have characterised the NHS till this very day. Since the publication of the Black report 29 the issue of equity has become one of the major issues in setting health policy objectives.30 Even though the objective of achieving a reduction in health inequalities is uncontroversial, the existing of set guidelines or having actual policies to achieve this is still indistinct. Further on there is no set path to follow if there is a cause of conflict between the goals of equity and efficiency. When policies and national objectives are set, too often the equity versus efficiency dilemma31 been ignored. This has lead to conflicting judgments in the progression of health policie s.31 Another point in the NHS reforms history we can look at is the Blair era. The NHS reforms in the early to mid 2000s bestowed emphasis on hospitals to reduce waiting times and length of stay for patients of elective surgery. This form of pressure lead to harming equity practices; by imposing these new incentives to hospitals made them give less priority to select the less socio-economically disadvantaged patients. As would make it difficult for them achieve their objectives as these patients would stay longer and cost more to treat.33 This clearly shows that equity isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t a major consideration when making decisions and taking on patients. Having looked at these examples the NHS plans for 2010 shows that the government is aiming to provide and strive for equity in the NHS. They hope to strengthen the voice of patients and the public by arranging through the local authorities, and at national level a powerful new consumer champion: HealthWatch England for pat ients to have their concerns and also their ideas put forward and heard.15 Throughout the NHSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history giving patient freedom allowing them to rate hospitals and clinical departments in accordance to the quality of the service being provided has been a major issue. For it to work both ways the government also require hospitals to be open about mistakes and always tell patients if something has gone wrong this will also ensure equity. Overall the NHS seeks to guarantee that anyone and everyone regardless of their need or background will benefit from these arrangements and ensure equity is achieved. Quality The NHS has strived successfully and has become one of the most flourishing healthcare providers in the whole world. The standard of quality is next to world class service but there is still room for improvement. Since 2000 when quality standards for the NHS were set it enabled the NHS to improve their overall quality and Inspection against essential quality standards. It aided the NHS in achieving aims and objectives as there were a set of guidelines the NHS could follow to ensure the quality aspect of the healthcare service was being attained. Since the very start of the NHS, emphasis was on improving quality and today the NHS is attaining this. One of the very first reforms in the NHS with the Salmon Report, the aim was to improve quality. They got rid of matrons and replace them with nurse managers that would contribute to the overall management of the service thus improve quality within the NHS. Then in the 1974 Reorganisation where the NHS ensured policies were implemen ted and accountability was improved led to a service that followed set rules and achieved targets. Then in the 1990s the internal market came into place which led to a lot of competition in taking ownership of the hospitals and services but this improved quality and ensured patients requirements were being met and the quality standards achieved. The NHS Plan 2000 was a great achievement allowing the country to build new hospitals and improve the quality of care provided in England. Over the past 20 years they have improved the basic standards of the NHS. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In 2000, the NHS aimed to tackle major challenges they were facing. Since then the NHS has invested in 80,000 nurses and 38,000 more doctors, including 5,000 more GPs.34 they have also improve accessibility to services leading to overall improvement in healthcare outcomes: 238,000 lives have been saved in the last 11 years as a result of significant improvements in cancer and heart disease survival rates in particula r.34 The NHS believes a more personalised service responding to each individuals needs can be achieved. The NHS hopes to be better equipped to keep patients healthy and capable of giving them more control and choices over the care and the service they provide.34 With the future of NHS in England, as stated above, the NHS Paper 2010 sets objectives to improve the quality of healthcare service in England. The NHS plan of 2010 aim to achieve a world-class healthcare service;15 The NHS will focus on outcomes and the standard of quality that conveys them. The new Governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectives are to reduce mortality and morbidity, increase safety, and improve patient experience and outcomes for all. Institute a self-governing and accountable NHS Commissioning Board. The Board will have the responsibilities of ensuring health outcomes are being attained, they will also have the authority and control in allocating and accounting for NHS resources. They will focus on quality improvement and patient involvement and choice. They will have a precise duty to tackle inequalities in access to healthcare. They hope to gain more authority over the ministers and hope to become major decision makers. Strengthen the role of the Care Quality Commission as an effective quality inspectorate across both health and social care. 15 Conclusion/ Summary Overall the NHS since its inception has seen many reforms. The healthcare service in England since 1948 has become one of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s leading top quality services. It has improved every time a reform has taken place in terms of Efficiency, Equity and Quality. From the first reform of the 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of scientific management and the Salmon Report to the reforms of the NHS Plan 2000 objectives have been set and accomplished. After having many reforms and NHS being a successful healthcare provider the government seek to further the NHS for the 21st century. The future of the NHS looks bright as the new government having published their plans in the NHS White paper 2010. They hope to improve the overall quality of the healthcare service and aim to maintain constancy of purpose. The NHS White paper 2010 is a long-term plan for the NHS for the current and future governments to come. It sets out to make the NHS a coherent and stable healthcare service provi der, enduring framework for quality and service improvement. They hope to change the views of the public and aim to get rid of the continuous debate on NHS structures and processes. Instead they hope to ensure that their priorities are to progress in health improvement for all. The reforms set in the new plans will be challenging and far-reaching, that will force cultural changes in the NHS, but these will have to take place in order to achieve their set targets. The government are setting out plans for managing change, including the transitional roles of strategic health authorities and primary care trusts. Although these plans have been set out many of the commitments made in this White Paper require primary legislation and are subject to Parliamentary approval. Recommendations for the NHS to further enhance their quality of service could be by listening to patients needs by setting out questionnaires and gaining feedback and implementing them to the NHS strategies. The NHS cou ld become owned by one set committee instead of having different forms of ownerships, this would allow them to gain more control of the service they provide. Also the management of the strategic health authorities could be run by clinicians who have experience of what the patients needs, having this experience would allow them to make more effective decisions in terms of efficiency, equity and quality. In general the Healthcare service in England has been a success throughout its history in achieving its aims and objectives set out in every reform In terms of Efficiency, Equity and Quality. The future holds encouraging plans and aspire to carry on with the NHS striving as a world class healthcare provider.

Nelson Mandela s Legacy Of The Black People Of South Africa

Nelson Mandela was a leader in every aspect for the black people of South Africa from the minute he was born to the minute he died. While Nelson Mandela was on trial for sabotage, [a crime that he did not actually commit] he said these words that defined his legacy until the day that he died, â€Å"During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.† (Denenberg 83, 85.). Nelson Mandela had to overcome many hardships and struggles in order to become the great politician and Prime Minister that he was. From the very early stages of his life, Nelson faced many hardships that he had to overcome in order to set the foundation for the great leader that he was about to become. Nelson Mandela was born on July 18,1918 in a small village called Qunu, located in the Transkei Territory in South Africa (Denenberg 5). Nelson was the youngest out of four children in his family (Denenberg 5). Nelson and his father cared for their cattle, and when needed, Nelson would help by plowing the fields (Denenberg 5). During Nelson’s free time, he loved playing soccer, and learning how to hunt and fight with sticks (Denenberg 5). As aShow MoreRelatedMahatma Gandhi And Nelson Mandela1447 Words   |  6 PagesIf Mahatma Gandhi never inspired Nelson Mandela to fulfill his vision for human rights, would Nelson Mandela have inspired Barack Obama to continue that legacy? Mahatma Gandhi practiced civil disobedience and lobbied for the rights of Indians in South Africa and India. 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Education and Learning in Clinical Contexts PG

Question: Describe about the Education and Learning in Clinical Contexts PG. Answer: Introduction: As discussed by Glisson et al. (2016), the term clinical education refers to the training provided to the professionals which involves skills and practical oriented instruction under the guidance and supervision of experts or skilled practitioners. Effective training is given to prepare the clinical educators so that in turn they can support the organization they are employed in and also provided in order to supervise the pre-service field experiences of the interns. According to Eberhart et al. (2015), the alarming mortality and morbidity in the healthcare system sometimes concerns about the professional competency of the health care professionals. Therefore, such complex issues related to public health can only be solved through proper education so that the professionals become capable of providing safe patient care. The main objective of such clinical education program is to aid in the construction of curricula, hiring of qualified and skilled faculty and choose the learning exper iences for the student who are a part of this program. Mental health is a challenging sector which deals with psychological aspects of the human behavior and the various disorders related to human psychology. Human brain is a complex entity which requires lot of effort to understand Meek et al. (2016). Thus, proper clinical training or education based on this arena is important. Health professionals need to be skilled and effective while treating mental patients while the general public should also be aware of the psychological aspects of human beings and its consequences. This report will highlight the essence of a mental health educational program that is specific for the nursing professionals and will also demonstrate the various theories related to the clinical education while developing the clinical education program (Lorig et al., 2014). Requirements: As stated by Glisson et al. (2016), every human being experiences significant stresses in their lives due to education, relationship, work pressure, biological changes and societal disturbances. Evidences reflect the fact that several individuals show behavioral and academic difficulties and cannot cope up with the stress that they encounter. For example, almost one out every five children and adolescents face emotional and behavioral disorder at some point in their young age, regardless of their location, age and socioeconomic background. Such situation can be a significant cause of chronic mental condition. This should be properly addressed by the health care professionals so that the clinical treatment can be effective rather than deterioration of the psychological condition due to incompetency in the clinical field. As discussed by Meek et al. (2016), a model framework for a comprehensive approach towards mental health prevention, promotion and treatment is required supported by evidence based study. Thus, clinical education developed for the nursing professionals in the field of mental health can be a successful way of effectively treating the patients with psychological disorders (Beronio et al., 2014). The main purpose of this mental health program is to strengthen the field of clinical field and competencies of the nursing students. According to Zainal et al. (2013), mental health is the main cause of long term work incapability as well as the reason for sickness absence. Studies reveal the fact that the impacts productivity, employee morale and organizational service and quality (Beronio et al., 2014). Therefore, this educational program would focus on understanding of the various types, reasons and consequences of mental health not only to treat the patient but also to understand the mental condition among employees. As stated by Slade et al. (2014), the learner group who are targeted for this program would be the nursing professionals. The reason for selecting them as the learners is that nurses undergo a lot of pressure during their working hours. Their personal problems combine with the health complications of the patients. This might cause mental disturbances such as burn ou ts or might also affect the clinical treatment provided to the patients. Thus, an educational program based on mental health might provide them the knowledge and understanding of coping with extreme situations. The main focus of this program will be as follows: Organizational resilience Wellbeing in the work area Personal resilience Providing support Organization service improvement (Lamont Brunero, 2013). The program would be an environment centered program which will strive to enhance the ability of the educator, nurses and also other support staff so that they can deal with specific areas such as emotional and behavioral stress which they encounter in every day. The program would involve the nursing professionals and it will be managed and hosted by the management team of the health care sector for the awareness presentation. The partners would involve clinicians, mental and other social agency representatives. The guiding standards constructed for this program would involve two separate standards. The program standard would involve: In a clinical program, a clear set of instructions and goals for the students should be used to bring about change. A curriculum framework should be used as a guide for the selection and development of units of the mental health study. Teaching should be consistent and in accordance to the curriculum framework. The assessment standards should be aligned with the program objectives and student expectations. Support systems should be formally or informally aligned with the teachers and students expectation. Responsibilities should be clearly defined (Wheeler et al., 2013). For this program the educator required would be specific for the nursing professionals. Nurse educators are licensed registered nurses. According to Beronio et al. (2014), the educators would be responsible for developing and mental instituting curricula which meet the need of the demand of the mental health program. The educators should play an important role in the supervision of the nursing students. The educator should be involved in clinical teaching in accordance with the curriculum designed. They should use effective tools and style of teaching in order to inculcate the good habits and attributes in the students and also assess and evaluate their learning outcomes successfully (Elliott et al., 2012). Methods of program delivery: The program would be delivered through four basic steps. The first step would involve arrangement of resources which involves human resources as well as tools and other resources to complete the program. Secondly, the learning process would consist of the effective learning style and methods. Thirdly, assessment and evaluation of the students would be done as a continuation of the learning process. Lastly, follow-up involving the de-briefing would be done in order to encourage the students to incorporate the practice in their learning (Beronio et al., 2014). The first step would involve the arrangement of the resources. As stated by Kieckhefer et al. (2014), the health care organize would first plan for the program involving a selected group of members. This group would be responsible for various functions related to the program starting from arrangement of local and communal agencies to participate and provide help in the program. The various inanimate resources including the tools and apparatus required for the learning process would be planned and arranged. The whole program would be designed and divided into specific time duration (Caplan, 2013). The second step of the program delivery would be the most significant part of the program dealing with education delivery to the nursing student by the educators. As stated by Pietrzak et al., (2015), the learning style would involve two different styles. The first one is the visual learning style and the second style is referred to as kinesthetic style. The whole learning process would be divided into four days education program. In the first two days visual presentation would be provided by the educator along with the explanation and demonstration of mental health issues. The presentation would involve stigma and impact of mental health in the lives of the people; provide an overview of mental health and its consequences in the life of the health professionals and how to cope up with the situations. As discussed by Rogers Pilgrim (2014), the whole earning process for the first two days would be conducted within the training room s of the clinical settings. According to Kieckhefer et al. (2014), the learning process would also involve interactive sessions between the educators and the students. The next two days of the education program would consist of the kinesthetic style of learning where the theoretical knowledge would get a shape through practical applications. The students during these two days would get the opportunity to implement their evidence based knowledge into the practical field. According to Meek et al. (2016), the nursing students would get access to the patient directly and they can incorporate their patient centered care and realize the mental condition of the various patients and their own psychological condition dealing with the patient. Moreover, the practical learning would help them to learn the mode of coping with various situations (World Health Organization, 2016). The third step, involves the assessment and evaluation of the students where the educators would be able to understand the level of knowledge and skill gathered by the learners. As discussed by Noritomi et al. (2014), assessment not only gives an idea of the learning status of the student but also opens an opportunity to rectify the mistakes of the student. In this program the assessment of the students will be done based on examinations conducted after the completion of the learning delivery through oral, written and practical assessment. The evaluation would be based on the measurement outcome of the whole program. The evaluation would involve observation of the students performance. Additional to this the evaluation process would involve the questionnaire that would help to realize the success or effectiveness of the educational program conducted (Kieckhefer et al., 2014). Although evaluation to measure the programs effectiveness is a part of the follow-up session of the program, debriefing would be done in order to close the presentation given by the educators to encourage and motivate the students to take up the nursing practice as their profession. Addition to this the follow-up session would provide extra information to the nurse students regarding the mental health clinical practices. This method of program delivery was selected in order to encourage the amalgamation of the theoretical knowledge with the practical applications (Mertens, 2014). Methods of teaching and assessment: One of the theories based on learning is andragogy theory which is also known as the adult learning theory, was developed by Malcolm Shepherd Knowles, which is reviewed on its assumptions, principles and practices. As discussed by Posavac (2015), this theory relates to the psychological need of an individual that a person attends through self-directed and self-concept to treat or capable of coping with any severe situation. Thus, it is important during the conduction of the education program the nursing student should learn through their self interest and concept. Another theory that alludes the mental action of human beings is the Cognitive theory which refers to the application of a subjective way to deal with learning and educating, we concentrate on the understanding of data and ideas (World Health Organization, 2016). Since Cognitive theory, learning depends on an individuals emotion and behavior and so relates to all forms of meaningful, involving thinking, memory, comprehensio n, motivation, perception and psycholinguistics. It is a more practical form of approach and requires an imaginative perception of the student (Bonder Martin, 2013). Accorrding to Baker Robinson (2014), in this education program the teaching method that would be applied is the SMART approach which is an effectual learning approach. In this particular educational training program, SMART approach would be included when the students will be interviewed of for the selection procedure. Firstly, consideration of the nurses complications to identify an objective would be important. Second of all, the measure would engage the educators communication with the student, regarding feedback and aiding him or her to understand his sections of development and clinical education practice. Third of all, the objective of the interview is achievable through a set of questionnaire that would assist to be familiar with the students strength and weakness. The communication during the process of interview is pertinent since the interview is carried out to get a memo of the first needs of the learning process. The time duration of the interview would be an hour (Latham et al., 2014). The teaching method that would be incorporated in this program would consist of demonstration, audiovisual presentation, lecture method discussion and practical method. These methods would help the students to gather theoretical knowledge, practical demonstration, visual learning and also application of their knowledge in the practical field. As discussed by (Latham et al., 2014), the teaching method would be further sub-divided into the solo and group work along with discussion and question answer rounds. Such implications can help the nursing students to get motivated, apply group effort and understand the issues properly. Assessment or examination plays another important part in the field of learning. As stated by Neisser (2014), assessment is a technique of understanding the mentees capability and understanding level. In clinical setup assessment has high significance, since the health care sector deals with the life of human beings. Any mistake can cause major health related com plications. The assessment process would involve written, oral and practical examination that can be an effective mode of judging the students. Accordingly, feedback can be provided to them which would encourage them to take up the nursing practice efficiently (Schmeck, 2013). Evaluation: As discussed by Neisser (2014), promotion of psychological competence helps to provide a psychological support to the patients so it very crucial for nurse to provide a psychological support to the patient by listening the problems they are having. In the places where mental health care has not been brought in the focus of attention must be renovated and a mental health care unit should be established there the nurses who are taking the responsibilities of care the mental patient should always keep their mind in a peace otherwise it will become very tough to handle the patient because to provide competence to the mental patient is not a easy job. As discussed by Ozuah (2016), the nurses have to understand the feeling, emotions, expectation, etc. of the patient. To understand all this they have to consider them in the place of the patient. Some time the family members of the patient also gets fed up of the patient at that it is the duty of the nurse to encourage them, make them believ e that there is still the patient could be get better if we all try our level best to make him better. A thoughtful evaluation along with an outcome is very necessary for every program. This not only determines the effectiveness of the a particular program but also tells that the programs which are already present whether they are effective or not and also clarifies what reformative measures should taken into consideration to make the programs effective. If someone is designing a mental health program then the study of evaluative outcome should be design at the same time. Along with the program the environment of the health care unit like knowledge, practices, and skills should also be designed in such a manner that it should promote the effectiveness of the intervention planned. According to Neisser (2014), an efficient approach to measure the outcomes of a mental health program can be achieved by arranging a demonstration from the skilled person for the nurses, professional, and t he community member. After that the evaluation must be implemented then only a positive outcome can be achieved. After the implementation of the program again the initial planning team must move forward for meeting to discuss whether they have achieved the targeted goals or not. If not then also have to discuss what should be there next reformative measure to fulfill their targeted goal. As discussed by Schmeck (2013), it is not possible for every community to design a well planned outcome. However it is quite possible to collect the information that will help in the evaluation of the effectiveness of the program. The evaluation should be like that whether the nurses, patients, the family members, other related person, doctors are satisfied or not, whether the program is up to date to the queries, testimonials, criticism of the peoples involved in the program. This entire thing should be taken into consideration and records of the implementation should be kept carefully and safely f or a later review (Schmeck, 2013). Conclusion: Clinical education is an effective way of professional practicing in the field of health care. Effective training is given to prepare the clinical educators so that in turn they can support the organization they are employed in and also provided in order to supervise the pre-service field experiences of the interns. A model framework for a comprehensive approach towards mental health prevention, promotion and treatment is required supported by evidence based study. Thus, clinical education developed for the nursing professionals in the field of mental health can be a successful way of effectively treating the patients with psychological disorders. Such educations help the nursing professionals to cope up with their professional and personal stress. The program that would be conducted would compromise of certain policies and standard regarding the conduction of the teaching program based on the designed curriculum. The program would be an environment centered program which will strive to enhance the ability of the educator, nurses and also other support staff so that they can deal with specific areas such as emotional and behavioral stress which they encounter in every day. The program would involve several learning and teaching styles to encourage the students to incorporate their practice into their professional practice. 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